廠家提供信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)      在現代信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)體(ti)系下(xia)(xia)，信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)和(he)(he)(he)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)本(ben)應(ying)基本(ben)一致。因為(wei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)就是信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用創(chuang)造(zao)過程，兩者之間的短期偏(pian)離和(he)(he)(he)經(jing)濟運行(xing)狀態有關：經(jing)濟繁榮時期，通(tong)常貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)增(zeng)速(su)持(chi)續位于(yu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)增(zeng)速(su)上方(fang)，經(jing)濟低迷時期則相反。從數據上看(kan)(kan)，3月信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)平(ping)穩(wen)，新增(zeng)規模增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)有序，余額(e)增(zeng)速(su)和(he)(he)(he)前期持(chi)平(ping)；在信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用體(ti)系下(xia)(xia)，信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)增(zeng)速(su)平(ping)穩(wen)意味(wei)著(zhu)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)也(ye)應(ying)平(ping)穩(wen)，但(dan)從實際看(kan)(kan)，3月貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)明顯與(yu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)不匹配，貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)和(he)(he)(he)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)間剪刀(dao)差還在擴(kuo)大。筆者認(ren)為(wei)，M2增(zeng)速(su)和(he)(he)(he)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)增(zeng)速(su)間的偏(pian)離，主要(yao)是M2統(tong)計范圍(wei)擴(kuo)展至金融部(bu)門的結果(guo)。經(jing)過數次擴(kuo)展，我國統(tong)計范圍(wei)已(yi)不僅是實體(ti)部(bu)門的流動(dong)性(xing)概念。

        “您家里不是(shi)有(you)空調么，干嗎吹著電(dian)(dian)(dian)扇(shan)啊(a)？”“那不是(shi)怕電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)太高，圖個省電(dian)(dian)(dian)么”類(lei)似(si)這樣(yang)的(de)對(dui)(dui)話，相(xiang)信幾(ji)乎每一(yi)個家庭可(ke)能都遇(yu)到過。而與(yu)一(yi)般居民用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)每千(qian)瓦時(shi)5毛多錢的(de)價(jia)格(ge)相(xiang)比，工商業電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)多數在(zai)0.8元左(zuo)右，對(dui)(dui)企業的(de)成本壓力(li)可(ke)想而知。也正因為(wei)如(ru)此(ci)，今年(nian)政府工作報告明(ming)確提出，要降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)環節收費(fei)(fei)和(he)輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)格(ge)，一(yi)般工商業電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)平(ping)均降低(di)。針對(dui)(dui)上述目(mu)標，國家發改委近日作出部(bu)署，明(ming)確分兩批實施(shi)(shi)降價(jia)措施(shi)(shi)，第一(yi)批降價(jia)措施(shi)(shi)于4月1日起執行。這樣(yang)的(de)政策利(li)好(hao)對(dui)(dui)企業的(de)影響不言而喻。以此(ci)前市場化交易對(dui)(dui)大工業電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)起到的(de)降費(fei)(fei)作用(yong)作為(wei)參考案例：遼寧營(ying)口忠旺鋁業2017年(nian)使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量60億(yi)千(qian)瓦時(shi)。

       全部參與了(le)市場化(hua)交易，每(mei)千瓦時電價(jia)(jia)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)8分錢(qian)，加上輸配電價(jia)(jia)改(gai)革降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)1.7分錢(qian)，企(qi)業(ye)用電成本(ben)一舉降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)。一般(ban)(ban)工(gong)商(shang)業(ye)電價(jia)(jia)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)同樣能有(you)效促進“降(jiang)(jiang)成本(ben)”。國家(jia)發(fa)(fa)改(gai)委價(jia)(jia)格司巡(xun)視員張滿英在19日的發(fa)(fa)改(gai)委新聞發(fa)(fa)布(bu)會上表(biao)示(shi)，落實一般(ban)(ban)工(gong)商(shang)業(ye)電價(jia)(jia)平均降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)10%的目(mu)標(biao)，將能夠降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)工(gong)商(shang)企(qi)業(ye)費(fei)(fei)用800億(yi)元(yuan)以上。其(qi)中，第(di)一批(pi)(pi)降(jiang)(jiang)價(jia)(jia)措施(shi)涉及金額430億(yi)元(yuan)。企(qi)業(ye)下月(yue)初將感受(shou)到電費(fei)(fei)下降(jiang)(jiang)變化(hua)發(fa)(fa)改(gai)委網站消息顯示(shi)，其(qi)近日發(fa)(fa)布(bu)《關于降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)一般(ban)(ban)工(gong)商(shang)業(ye)電價(jia)(jia)有(you)關事(shi)項的通知(zhi)》，提出(chu)分兩批(pi)(pi)實施(shi)降(jiang)(jiang)價(jia)(jia)措施(shi)。記(ji)者注(zhu)意(yi)到，第(di)一批(pi)(pi)降(jiang)(jiang)價(jia)(jia)措施(shi)主(zhu)要涉及四(si)項具體措施(shi)：包括全面落實已 的電網清費(fei)(fei)政策。

       推進(jin)區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區專項工(gong)程輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)格改革(ge)；進(jin)一(yi)步規范(fan)和(he)降(jiang)低(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)環節收費；臨(lin)時性降(jiang)低(di)(di)輸(shu)(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)。為降(jiang)低(di)(di)企業用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)，近年(nian)來，國家已采取了一(yi)系列措施，包括實施煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)格聯動(dong)、推進(jin)輸(shu)(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)改革(ge)、推進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場化交易、取消和(he)降(jiang)低(di)(di)通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)征收的基金及附加、完善(shan)兩(liang)部制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)執行方式、取消中小化肥電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)優惠(hui)等。這(zhe)也(ye)取得(de)了明顯成(cheng)效。緊緊牽住“降(jiang)成(cheng)本(ben)”這(zhe)個牛(niu)鼻(bi)子，多措并舉(ju)，綜合施策，累計降(jiang)低(di)(di)企業用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)3275億元。不過(guo)政(zheng)策層面并不滿足于此前企業用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)得(de)以降(jiang)低(di)(di)的成(cheng)果，在今年(nian)的政(zheng)府工(gong)作(zuo)報告(gao)中，又提出(chu)“一(yi)般工(gong)商(shang)業電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)平均降(jiang)低(di)(di)10%”。

廠家(jia)      我國工(gong)(gong)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)用戶承擔了對居(ju)民(min)和農業(ye)(ye)的(de)交叉補貼。政策性補貼一(yi)(yi)(yi)定程度上扭曲了電(dian)(dian)(dian)力價(jia)格(ge)的(de)形(xing)成(cheng)機制，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)不能合理反映成(cheng)本(ben)。從(cong)我國一(yi)(yi)(yi)般工(gong)(gong)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)水(shui)(shui)平來看，普遍高(gao)于農業(ye)(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)、居(ju)民(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)和大(da)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)。“一(yi)(yi)(yi)般工(gong)(gong)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)平均下(xia)降(jiang)，意味著降(jiang)價(jia)金額將超(chao)過800億元(yuan)。”降(jiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般工(gong)(gong)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，可以從(cong)哪些方面入手？包括降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)水(shui)(shui)平，以及清理和規范電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)環節(jie)收費(fei)等。第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)批措施已經發文推出，從(cong)開(kai)始執行。“也(ye)就是說，有的(de)企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)交電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)的(de)時候，就可以感(gan)受(shou)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)的(de)變化。第(di)二批準備下(xia)半年實施，現在(zai)正在(zai)抓緊研(yan)究論證，等成(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)時候我們(men)要(yao)向社(she)會公布。”

      通(tong)知首先公布的(de)(de)(de)第一批降(jiang)價(jia)措施(shi)，包(bao)括(kuo)全面(mian)(mian)落實已 的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)網(wang)清費政策(ce)，推(tui)進區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)和(he)(he)跨省(sheng)跨區(qu)(qu)專(zhuan)項(xiang)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)價(jia)格改革(ge)(ge)，進一步規范和(he)(he)降(jiang)低(di)(di)電(dian)網(wang)環(huan)節(jie)收費，臨時性降(jiang)低(di)(di)輸(shu)(shu)配(pei)電(dian)價(jia)等四項(xiang)具體舉措。在推(tui)進區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)和(he)(he)跨省(sheng)跨區(qu)(qu)專(zhuan)項(xiang)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)價(jia)格改革(ge)(ge)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，通(tong)知提出，根據《關于(yu)(yu)核定區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)價(jia)格的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)知》《關于(yu)(yu)調(diao)整寧東直流(liu)等專(zhuan)項(xiang)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)價(jia)格的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)知》(發改價(jia)格225號)核定的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)和(he)(he)跨省(sheng)跨區(qu)(qu)專(zhuan)項(xiang)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)價(jia)格，將(jiang)降(jiang)低(di)(di)部(bu)分(fen)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)核減相關省(sheng)份輸(shu)(shu)配(pei)電(dian)價(jia)。對此，廈門大學能源政策(ce)研究院院長林伯強教授對核定區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)和(he)(he)跨省(sheng)跨區(qu)(qu)專(zhuan)項(xiang)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)價(jia)格中(zhong)可挖掘的(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)費潛力(li)很大。

       涉(she)及進一(yi)步規范和降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)網環節收(shou)費(fei)中，通(tong)知(zhi)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，提高(gao)兩(liang)部(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的靈(ling)活(huo)性。完(wan)(wan)善兩(liang)部(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)度，兩(liang)部(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)用戶(hu)可自愿選擇按(an)變壓器容(rong)量(liang)(liang)或合(he)同最大需(xu)量(liang)(liang)繳(jiao)(jiao)納電(dian)(dian)費(fei)，也(ye)(ye)可選擇按(an)實(shi)際最大需(xu)量(liang)(liang)繳(jiao)(jiao)納電(dian)(dian)費(fei)。此前，兩(liang)部(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)是(shi)大工業(ye)用電(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)實(shi)施(shi)的電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)度。近年來，我國也(ye)(ye)在不斷完(wan)(wan)善兩(liang)部(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。發(fa)改委發(fa)布了(le)《關(guan)于完(wan)(wan)善兩(liang)部(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)用戶(hu)基本電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)執行方式(shi)的通(tong)知(zhi)》，要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)放(fang)寬基本電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)計費(fei)方式(shi)變更(geng)周期限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)、放(fang)寬減(jian)容(rong)(暫停(ting)(ting)(ting))期限(xian)限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)等。這也(ye)(ye)取得了(le)積極成效。因為各種因素，一(yi)些地方的企(qi)業(ye)出現了(le)停(ting)(ting)(ting)產、半停(ting)(ting)(ting)產的現象(xiang)，對(dui)按(an)照(zhao)固定標準征(zheng)收(shou)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的反映比較多。

       發改(gai)委研究(jiu) 了完善容(rong)量電價(jia)(jia)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)方式的(de)(de)政策，規定企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可以根據自身的(de)(de)情況申請，降(jiang)低(di)容(rong)量電價(jia)(jia)，已有地(di)方探索擴大(da)(da)(da)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)部(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)范圍，例如江蘇(su)去年已明確，315千伏安及(ji)以上商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用戶可自愿選(xuan)擇兩(liang)(liang)(liang)部(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)峰谷分時電價(jia)(jia)，或繼續執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)原有的(de)(de)一般工(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)及(ji)其他電價(jia)(jia)。此次通知也提出(chu)，逐步實(shi)現符(fu)合(he)變(bian)壓器容(rong)量要求的(de)(de)一般工(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)及(ji)其他用電選(xuan)擇執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)部(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電價(jia)(jia)。相比于大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)來說(shuo)，一般工(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)符(fu)合(he)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)部(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電價(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)(da)容(rong)量標準的(de)(de)數量相對較少，效果可能會沒有大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)電價(jia)(jia)那(nei)么明顯，但是對符(fu)合(he)變(bian)壓器容(rong)量要求的(de)(de)一般工(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)來說(shuo)，將能夠(gou)享受(shou)到電價(jia)(jia)降(jiang)低(di)的(de)(de)利好。

廠家       全面清理規(gui)范電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)之(zhi)外(wai)的收費(fei)項(xiang)目。重點(dian)(dian)清理規(gui)范產業(ye)(ye)(ye)園區(qu)(qu)、商業(ye)(ye)(ye)綜合體(ti)等(deng)經營(ying)者向(xiang)轉供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)用戶在(zai)國家規(gui)定(ding)銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)之(zhi)外(wai)收取(qu)的各(ge)類加(jia)價(jia)。林伯強認(ren)為，產業(ye)(ye)(ye)園區(qu)(qu)等(deng)經營(ying)者附加(jia)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)中(zhong)的額外(wai)費(fei)用名目眾多(duo)(duo)且零散，對此條政策盡快落實，有(you)助于清理各(ge)類不合理收費(fei)項(xiang)目。通(tong)知還(huan)明(ming)確(que)，產業(ye)(ye)(ye)園區(qu)(qu)經營(ying)的園區(qu)(qu)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，可(ke)自愿選擇移交(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)直接供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)改制(zhi)為增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)。目前多(duo)(duo)地(di)正(zheng)積(ji)極推進增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)試(shi)點(dian)(dian)，這將成為降低終端(duan)用戶用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本的重要舉措(cuo)。上述園區(qu)(qu)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)可(ke)改制(zhi)的措(cuo)施(shi)給大(da)量(liang)(liang)園區(qu)(qu)通(tong)過開展增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)來(lai)實現“正(zheng)規(gui)化”提供了一條路徑。